{
  "name": "CBG Atlas — Evidence Library (open data)",
  "license": "CC BY-NC-SA 4.0",
  "attribution": "CBG Atlas. Funded by Peregrine Biopharma, which holds no editorial authority.",
  "generatedOn": "2026-08-09",
  "policy": "Only PubMed-verified, non-retracted primary sources. The knowledge graph (cbg-knowledge-graph.ts) may cite ONLY studies present here.",
  "registryHash": "154671f50c4acbb13f602b479f4fddeb6e455779db35c7e643b7a595e2173e3a",
  "count": 21,
  "studies": [
    {
      "id": "maboutagne-2026",
      "firstAuthor": "Mabou Tagne",
      "year": 2026,
      "journal": "The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics",
      "doi": "10.1016/j.jpet.2026.104308",
      "doiUrl": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpet.2026.104308",
      "pubmedUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41833244/",
      "title": "Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of cannabigerol in male mice",
      "studyType": "animal model (male mouse; pharmacokinetics + elevated plus maze)",
      "species": "animal",
      "evidenceTier": "Preclinical-animal",
      "tierRank": 3,
      "topics": [
        "anxiety",
        "pharmacokinetics",
        "brain",
        "preclinical"
      ],
      "keyFinding": "Preclinical (mouse): at its peak brain concentration, CBG produced anxiogenic-like (anxiety-increasing) effects on the elevated plus maze, independent of CB1. Contrasts with the human acute anxiolytic signal.",
      "supportsClaims": [],
      "contradictsClaims": [
        "claim:cbg-anxiety-acute"
      ],
      "canonicalCitation": "Mabou Tagne et al. (2026). Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of cannabigerol in male mice. The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. doi:10.1016/j.jpet.2026.104308",
      "provenanceHash": "7fc27a19595a2b48814415ad46480a9cdb6086aaa7f27e1eec8d55083155460c"
    },
    {
      "id": "cuttler-2024",
      "firstAuthor": "Cuttler",
      "year": 2024,
      "journal": "Scientific Reports",
      "doi": "10.1038/s41598-024-66879-0",
      "doiUrl": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-66879-0",
      "pubmedUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39003387/",
      "title": "Acute effects of cannabigerol on anxiety, stress, and mood: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover, field trial",
      "studyType": "human RCT (double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover; n=34; 20 mg oral, acute)",
      "species": "human",
      "evidenceTier": "Human-RCT",
      "tierRank": 5,
      "topics": [
        "anxiety",
        "stress",
        "human-evidence",
        "dosing",
        "brain"
      ],
      "keyFinding": "Single 20 mg oral CBG dose reduced self-reported anxiety and stress with no intoxication or impairment (n=34, acute). First human CBG trial; Low confidence.",
      "supportsClaims": [
        "claim:cbg-anxiety-acute"
      ],
      "contradictsClaims": [],
      "canonicalCitation": "Cuttler et al. (2024). Acute effects of cannabigerol on anxiety, stress, and mood: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover, field trial. Scientific Reports. doi:10.1038/s41598-024-66879-0",
      "provenanceHash": "60e024812762d93762c39c86437a9e48398d56801df58e03f7e41b94f9c03109"
    },
    {
      "id": "mendiguren-2023",
      "firstAuthor": "Mendiguren",
      "year": 2023,
      "journal": "Frontiers in Pharmacology",
      "doi": "10.3389/fphar.2023.1183019",
      "doiUrl": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2023.1183019",
      "pubmedUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37305529/",
      "title": "Cannabigerol modulates α-adrenoceptor and 5-HT1A receptor-mediated electrophysiological effects on dorsal raphe nucleus and locus coeruleus neurons and anxiety behavior in rat",
      "studyType": "animal (rat brain-slice electrophysiology + EPM/NSF); mechanistic (5-HT1A / α2)",
      "species": "animal",
      "evidenceTier": "Preclinical-animal",
      "tierRank": 3,
      "topics": [
        "anxiety-mechanism",
        "5-HT1A",
        "alpha2-adrenoceptor",
        "brain",
        "preclinical"
      ],
      "keyFinding": "Preclinical (rat): CBG produced anxiolytic-like effects that were prevented by the 5-HT1A antagonist WAY100635, and it modulated α2-adrenoceptor and 5-HT1A signalling in raphe/locus-coeruleus neurons. Mechanistic support for the 5-HT1A/α2 pathway; not human evidence and not a promoter of the human anxiety grade.",
      "supportsClaims": [],
      "contradictsClaims": [],
      "canonicalCitation": "Mendiguren et al. (2023). Cannabigerol modulates α-adrenoceptor and 5-HT1A receptor-mediated electrophysiological effects on dorsal raphe nucleus and locus coeruleus neurons and anxiety behavior in rat. Frontiers in Pharmacology. doi:10.3389/fphar.2023.1183019",
      "provenanceHash": "69c3b62708dc81bc456965814d4615f3e4235cd1b4dfb49e8cb68dae325e6e8a"
    },
    {
      "id": "zhou-2022",
      "firstAuthor": "Zhou",
      "year": 2022,
      "journal": "Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research",
      "doi": "10.1089/can.2021.0027",
      "doiUrl": "https://doi.org/10.1089/can.2021.0027",
      "pubmedUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34182770/",
      "title": "The cannabis constituent cannabigerol does not disrupt fear memory processes or stress-induced anxiety in mice",
      "studyType": "animal model (mouse PTSD / fear conditioning)",
      "species": "animal",
      "evidenceTier": "Preclinical-animal",
      "tierRank": 3,
      "topics": [
        "anxiety",
        "fear-memory",
        "null-result",
        "brain"
      ],
      "keyFinding": "CBG did NOT disrupt fear memory or stress-induced anxiety in mice (null). Balances the human acute anxiolytic signal.",
      "supportsClaims": [],
      "contradictsClaims": [
        "claim:cbg-anxiety-acute"
      ],
      "canonicalCitation": "Zhou et al. (2022). The cannabis constituent cannabigerol does not disrupt fear memory processes or stress-induced anxiety in mice. Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research. doi:10.1089/can.2021.0027",
      "provenanceHash": "66a0ca2f76604c43349a0ec74e9c239ad070d3b97811d030cac0ee7ff9b5b206"
    },
    {
      "id": "nachnani-2021",
      "firstAuthor": "Nachnani",
      "year": 2021,
      "journal": "Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics",
      "doi": "10.1124/jpet.120.000340",
      "doiUrl": "https://doi.org/10.1124/jpet.120.000340",
      "pubmedUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33168643/",
      "title": "The Pharmacological Case for Cannabigerol",
      "studyType": "narrative review (CBG pharmacology, therapeutic potential, toxicology)",
      "species": "review",
      "evidenceTier": "Review",
      "tierRank": 1,
      "topics": [
        "review",
        "receptor-pharmacology",
        "CBG",
        "therapeutic-potential"
      ],
      "keyFinding": "Authoritative review of CBG: its activity at cannabinoid receptors sits between THC and CBD, but it is distinctive at α2-adrenoceptors and 5-HT. Surveys possible areas of investigation (neurologic, inflammatory bowel, antibacterial) and toxicological gaps, while stressing that research is limited and marketing claims outpace the evidence.",
      "supportsClaims": [],
      "contradictsClaims": [],
      "canonicalCitation": "Nachnani et al. (2021). The Pharmacological Case for Cannabigerol. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. doi:10.1124/jpet.120.000340",
      "provenanceHash": "4805f4fb35c10940beb6f1693a3767d2e45aaa85549ed7e5bb1c592e2b02d703"
    },
    {
      "id": "farha-2020",
      "firstAuthor": "Farha",
      "year": 2020,
      "journal": "ACS Infectious Diseases",
      "doi": "10.1021/acsinfecdis.9b00419",
      "doiUrl": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acsinfecdis.9b00419",
      "pubmedUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32017534/",
      "title": "Uncovering the Hidden Antibiotic Potential of Cannabis",
      "studyType": "preclinical (in vitro + murine systemic-infection model)",
      "species": "animal",
      "evidenceTier": "Preclinical-animal",
      "tierRank": 3,
      "topics": [
        "antibacterial",
        "MRSA",
        "membrane activity",
        "biofilm",
        "preclinical"
      ],
      "keyFinding": "Preclinical: cannabigerol (CBG) showed antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in vitro and in a mouse model, acting on the Gram-positive cytoplasmic membrane and clearing biofilms. No human efficacy data.",
      "supportsClaims": [
        "claim:cbg-antibacterial"
      ],
      "contradictsClaims": [],
      "canonicalCitation": "Farha et al. (2020). Uncovering the Hidden Antibiotic Potential of Cannabis. ACS Infectious Diseases. doi:10.1021/acsinfecdis.9b00419",
      "provenanceHash": "f09b8b1c47e93b9d4cfd6dc8a4226e4251bb58936b9b188ba35cfaba2d42ecdd"
    },
    {
      "id": "gugliandolo-2018",
      "firstAuthor": "Gugliandolo",
      "year": 2018,
      "journal": "International Journal of Molecular Sciences",
      "doi": "10.3390/ijms19071992",
      "doiUrl": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19071992",
      "pubmedUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29986533/",
      "title": "In Vitro Model of Neuroinflammation: Efficacy of Cannabigerol, a Non-Psychoactive Cannabinoid",
      "studyType": "",
      "species": "in-vitro",
      "evidenceTier": "InVitro",
      "tierRank": 2,
      "topics": [
        "neuroinflammation",
        "oxidative stress",
        "neuroprotection",
        "in-vitro"
      ],
      "keyFinding": "Preclinical (in vitro): in a cell model of neuroinflammation, cannabigerol (CBG) pre-treatment reduced motor-neuron cell death, apoptosis markers, inflammatory cytokines, and oxidative-stress markers. No animal or human efficacy data.",
      "supportsClaims": [
        "claim:cbg-neuroinflammation"
      ],
      "contradictsClaims": [],
      "canonicalCitation": "Gugliandolo et al. (2018). In Vitro Model of Neuroinflammation: Efficacy of Cannabigerol, a Non-Psychoactive Cannabinoid. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. doi:10.3390/ijms19071992",
      "provenanceHash": "fc838ac67bdb4bd48cc51f326da748abfea95457716fe713e464b402447d16c0"
    },
    {
      "id": "zirpel-2018",
      "firstAuthor": "Zirpel",
      "year": 2018,
      "journal": "Journal of Biotechnology",
      "doi": "10.1016/j.jbiotec.2018.07.031",
      "doiUrl": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiotec.2018.07.031",
      "pubmedUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30053500/",
      "title": "Elucidation of structure-function relationship of THCA and CBDA synthase from Cannabis sativa L.",
      "studyType": "recombinant enzyme structure-function",
      "species": "biochemistry",
      "evidenceTier": "Biochemistry",
      "tierRank": 2,
      "topics": [
        "biosynthesis",
        "enzyme",
        "CBCA"
      ],
      "keyFinding": "Recombinant THCA and CBDA synthases both also yield some CBCA from CBGA; synthases are not perfectly specific.",
      "supportsClaims": [],
      "contradictsClaims": [],
      "canonicalCitation": "Zirpel et al. (2018). Elucidation of structure-function relationship of THCA and CBDA synthase from Cannabis sativa L.. Journal of Biotechnology. doi:10.1016/j.jbiotec.2018.07.031",
      "provenanceHash": "76489edebc565a3e162424e9bbcc044c5d29c56f2e718882fd23a52ce006e10b"
    },
    {
      "id": "brierley-2016",
      "firstAuthor": "Brierley",
      "year": 2016,
      "journal": "Psychopharmacology",
      "doi": "10.1007/s00213-016-4397-4",
      "doiUrl": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-016-4397-4",
      "pubmedUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27503475/",
      "title": "Cannabigerol is a novel, well-tolerated appetite stimulant in pre-satiated rats",
      "studyType": "animal model (Lister hooded rats; feeding microstructure)",
      "species": "animal",
      "evidenceTier": "Preclinical-animal",
      "tierRank": 3,
      "topics": [
        "appetite",
        "hyperphagia",
        "tolerability",
        "digestive"
      ],
      "keyFinding": "CBG (120-240 mg/kg p.o.) more than doubled food intake and increased meal frequency in pre-satiated rats, without neuromotor side effects. Preclinical only.",
      "supportsClaims": [
        "claim:cbg-appetite"
      ],
      "contradictsClaims": [],
      "canonicalCitation": "Brierley et al. (2016). Cannabigerol is a novel, well-tolerated appetite stimulant in pre-satiated rats. Psychopharmacology. doi:10.1007/s00213-016-4397-4",
      "provenanceHash": "12d6c1514ba85dda05414104f213697aab9a01aaef4041c1e3be8268012ca696"
    },
    {
      "id": "wang-2016",
      "firstAuthor": "Wang",
      "year": 2016,
      "journal": "Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research",
      "doi": "10.1089/can.2016.0020",
      "doiUrl": "https://doi.org/10.1089/can.2016.0020",
      "pubmedUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28861498/",
      "title": "Decarboxylation study of acidic cannabinoids: a novel approach using ultra-high-performance supercritical fluid chromatography/photodiode array-mass spectrometry",
      "studyType": "analytical chemistry (decarboxylation kinetics)",
      "species": "biochemistry",
      "evidenceTier": "Biochemistry",
      "tierRank": 2,
      "topics": [
        "decarboxylation",
        "chemistry",
        "manufacturing"
      ],
      "keyFinding": "Decarboxylation of acidic cannabinoids is ~first-order over 80-145 C; THCA-A rate ~2x CBDA/CBGA.",
      "supportsClaims": [],
      "contradictsClaims": [],
      "canonicalCitation": "Wang et al. (2016). Decarboxylation study of acidic cannabinoids: a novel approach using ultra-high-performance supercritical fluid chromatography/photodiode array-mass spectrometry. Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research. doi:10.1089/can.2016.0020",
      "provenanceHash": "988249af2e787b5e43667d6ca0f401a3666d96f4ab1fb45fc5040c874f4dc363"
    },
    {
      "id": "laprairie-2015",
      "firstAuthor": "Laprairie",
      "year": 2015,
      "journal": "British Journal of Pharmacology",
      "doi": "10.1111/bph.13250",
      "doiUrl": "https://doi.org/10.1111/bph.13250",
      "pubmedUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26218440/",
      "title": "Cannabidiol is a negative allosteric modulator of the cannabinoid CB1 receptor",
      "studyType": "in vitro (HEK293 / STHdh; signalling assays)",
      "species": "in-vitro",
      "evidenceTier": "InVitro",
      "tierRank": 2,
      "topics": [
        "receptor-pharmacology",
        "CB1",
        "comparison",
        "CBD"
      ],
      "keyFinding": "CBD is a non-competitive negative allosteric modulator of CB1.",
      "supportsClaims": [],
      "contradictsClaims": [],
      "canonicalCitation": "Laprairie et al. (2015). Cannabidiol is a negative allosteric modulator of the cannabinoid CB1 receptor. British Journal of Pharmacology. doi:10.1111/bph.13250",
      "provenanceHash": "0cdb2f256070a8de685d8342aae514074442ea6e9a13f2e7092a55425e6c7944"
    },
    {
      "id": "valdeolivas-2015",
      "firstAuthor": "Valdeolivas",
      "year": 2015,
      "journal": "Neurotherapeutics",
      "doi": "10.1007/s13311-014-0304-z",
      "doiUrl": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s13311-014-0304-z",
      "pubmedUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25252936/",
      "title": "Neuroprotective properties of cannabigerol in Huntington's disease: studies in R6/2 mice and 3-nitropropionate-lesioned mice",
      "studyType": "animal model (R6/2 + 3-NP mice)",
      "species": "animal",
      "evidenceTier": "Preclinical-animal",
      "tierRank": 3,
      "topics": [
        "neuroprotection",
        "Huntington",
        "brain",
        "antioxidant"
      ],
      "keyFinding": "CBG was neuroprotective in two mouse models of Huntington's disease; reduced neuroinflammation and improved antioxidant defenses. Preclinical only.",
      "supportsClaims": [
        "claim:cbg-neuroprotection"
      ],
      "contradictsClaims": [],
      "canonicalCitation": "Valdeolivas et al. (2015). Neuroprotective properties of cannabigerol in Huntington's disease: studies in R6/2 mice and 3-nitropropionate-lesioned mice. Neurotherapeutics. doi:10.1007/s13311-014-0304-z",
      "provenanceHash": "4421fabc354025001344606683d9adb25381a7baa23b3090a8241fe4727be56c"
    },
    {
      "id": "borrelli-2014",
      "firstAuthor": "Borrelli",
      "year": 2014,
      "journal": "Carcinogenesis",
      "doi": "10.1093/carcin/bgu205",
      "doiUrl": "https://doi.org/10.1093/carcin/bgu205",
      "pubmedUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25269802/",
      "title": "Colon carcinogenesis is inhibited by the TRPM8 antagonist cannabigerol, a Cannabis-derived non-psychotropic cannabinoid",
      "studyType": "in vitro + animal (CRC cells; mouse colon cancer models)",
      "species": "animal",
      "evidenceTier": "Preclinical-animal",
      "tierRank": 3,
      "topics": [
        "oncology-preclinical",
        "colon",
        "TRPM8",
        "digestive"
      ],
      "keyFinding": "CBG inhibited colorectal-cancer cell growth and chemically-induced colon carcinogenesis in mice, an effect linked to TRPM8 blockade. Independently corroborates CBG TRPM8-antagonist and 5-HT1A-blocker profile. Preclinical only.",
      "supportsClaims": [
        "claim:cbg-colon-preclinical"
      ],
      "contradictsClaims": [],
      "canonicalCitation": "Borrelli et al. (2014). Colon carcinogenesis is inhibited by the TRPM8 antagonist cannabigerol, a Cannabis-derived non-psychotropic cannabinoid. Carcinogenesis. doi:10.1093/carcin/bgu205",
      "provenanceHash": "d5c609f09673d9849a9ad5390467710726023c53e691683e9a063aa6205c38e3"
    },
    {
      "id": "borrelli-2013",
      "firstAuthor": "Borrelli",
      "year": 2013,
      "journal": "Biochemical Pharmacology",
      "doi": "10.1016/j.bcp.2013.01.017",
      "doiUrl": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcp.2013.01.017",
      "pubmedUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23415610/",
      "title": "Beneficial effect of the non-psychotropic plant cannabinoid cannabigerol on experimental inflammatory bowel disease",
      "studyType": "animal model (DNBS murine colitis)",
      "species": "animal",
      "evidenceTier": "Preclinical-animal",
      "tierRank": 3,
      "topics": [
        "anti-inflammatory",
        "IBD",
        "digestive"
      ],
      "keyFinding": "CBG attenuated DNBS-induced murine colitis; reduced iNOS/MPO and normalized cytokines. Preclinical only.",
      "supportsClaims": [
        "claim:cbg-ibd"
      ],
      "contradictsClaims": [],
      "canonicalCitation": "Borrelli et al. (2013). Beneficial effect of the non-psychotropic plant cannabinoid cannabigerol on experimental inflammatory bowel disease. Biochemical Pharmacology. doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2013.01.017",
      "provenanceHash": "2ccff650755a8872ddbf3bde44f98e506995e9d6d15b2cc978d0d2b48dac6fdb"
    },
    {
      "id": "depetrocellis-2011",
      "firstAuthor": "De Petrocellis",
      "year": 2011,
      "journal": "British Journal of Pharmacology",
      "doi": "10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.01166.x",
      "doiUrl": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.01166.x",
      "pubmedUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21175579/",
      "title": "Effects of cannabinoids and cannabinoid-enriched Cannabis extracts on TRP channels and endocannabinoid metabolic enzymes",
      "studyType": "in vitro (TRP channel assays)",
      "species": "in-vitro",
      "evidenceTier": "InVitro",
      "tierRank": 2,
      "topics": [
        "receptor-pharmacology",
        "TRP-channels",
        "TRPM8",
        "TRPV1"
      ],
      "keyFinding": "CBG is a TRPV1/TRPV2 agonist-desensitizer and a TRPM8 antagonist.",
      "supportsClaims": [],
      "contradictsClaims": [],
      "canonicalCitation": "De Petrocellis et al. (2011). Effects of cannabinoids and cannabinoid-enriched Cannabis extracts on TRP channels and endocannabinoid metabolic enzymes. British Journal of Pharmacology. doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.01166.x",
      "provenanceHash": "0e18ea3ab6e32d53e255d5878005ded5c274c73017733be50b4a416b4ffea032"
    },
    {
      "id": "cascio-2010",
      "firstAuthor": "Cascio",
      "year": 2010,
      "journal": "British Journal of Pharmacology",
      "doi": "10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00515.x",
      "doiUrl": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00515.x",
      "pubmedUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20002104/",
      "title": "Evidence that the plant cannabinoid cannabigerol is a highly potent alpha2-adrenoceptor agonist and moderately potent 5HT1A receptor antagonist",
      "studyType": "in vitro / ex vivo (GTPgammaS, vas deferens)",
      "species": "in-vitro",
      "evidenceTier": "InVitro",
      "tierRank": 2,
      "topics": [
        "receptor-pharmacology",
        "alpha2-adrenoceptor",
        "5-HT1A",
        "CB1"
      ],
      "keyFinding": "CBG is a highly potent alpha2-adrenoceptor agonist (EC50 ~0.2 nM) and a 5-HT1A antagonist (app. K_B ~51.9 nM); CB1 antagonist.",
      "supportsClaims": [
        "claim:cbg-bp"
      ],
      "contradictsClaims": [],
      "canonicalCitation": "Cascio et al. (2010). Evidence that the plant cannabinoid cannabigerol is a highly potent alpha2-adrenoceptor agonist and moderately potent 5HT1A receptor antagonist. British Journal of Pharmacology. doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00515.x",
      "provenanceHash": "63014154b42cc836ea0c07b6aa2354b9a773b32ab9fdd908e9ea44881ecfcf01"
    },
    {
      "id": "appendino-2008",
      "firstAuthor": "Appendino",
      "year": 2008,
      "journal": "Journal of Natural Products",
      "doi": "10.1021/np8002673",
      "doiUrl": "https://doi.org/10.1021/np8002673",
      "pubmedUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18681481/",
      "title": "Antibacterial cannabinoids from Cannabis sativa: a structure-activity study",
      "studyType": "in vitro (MIC vs MRSA strains)",
      "species": "in-vitro",
      "evidenceTier": "InVitro",
      "tierRank": 2,
      "topics": [
        "antibacterial",
        "MRSA",
        "structure-activity"
      ],
      "keyFinding": "All five major cannabinoids, including CBG, showed potent in-vitro activity against MRSA strains. In vitro only.",
      "supportsClaims": [
        "claim:cbg-antibacterial"
      ],
      "contradictsClaims": [],
      "canonicalCitation": "Appendino et al. (2008). Antibacterial cannabinoids from Cannabis sativa: a structure-activity study. Journal of Natural Products. doi:10.1021/np8002673",
      "provenanceHash": "4acd647d15c7984d863cb081dca1bb35d18268c33569899cb4bd1d3ec5adb8aa"
    },
    {
      "id": "pertwee-2008",
      "firstAuthor": "Pertwee",
      "year": 2008,
      "journal": "British Journal of Pharmacology",
      "doi": "10.1038/sj.bjp.0707442",
      "doiUrl": "https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjp.0707442",
      "pubmedUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17828291/",
      "title": "The diverse CB1 and CB2 receptor pharmacology of three plant cannabinoids: delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol and delta9-tetrahydrocannabivarin",
      "studyType": "review / receptor pharmacology",
      "species": "review",
      "evidenceTier": "Review",
      "tierRank": 1,
      "topics": [
        "receptor-pharmacology",
        "comparison",
        "THC",
        "CBD",
        "CB1",
        "CB2"
      ],
      "keyFinding": "THC is a CB1/CB2 partial agonist (basis of intoxication); CBD is a high-potency antagonist of CB1/CB2 agonists.",
      "supportsClaims": [],
      "contradictsClaims": [],
      "canonicalCitation": "Pertwee et al. (2008). The diverse CB1 and CB2 receptor pharmacology of three plant cannabinoids: delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol and delta9-tetrahydrocannabivarin. British Journal of Pharmacology. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707442",
      "provenanceHash": "8cec0d6cec8dc128a953b4dd7388858d9363bdc6725a0d409a7846f899eba807"
    },
    {
      "id": "russo-2005",
      "firstAuthor": "Russo",
      "year": 2005,
      "journal": "Neurochemical Research",
      "doi": "10.1007/s11064-005-6978-1",
      "doiUrl": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11064-005-6978-1",
      "pubmedUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16258853/",
      "title": "Agonistic properties of cannabidiol at 5-HT1a receptors",
      "studyType": "in vitro (cloned 5-HT1A; GTPgammaS)",
      "species": "in-vitro",
      "evidenceTier": "InVitro",
      "tierRank": 2,
      "topics": [
        "receptor-pharmacology",
        "5-HT1A",
        "comparison",
        "CBD"
      ],
      "keyFinding": "CBD is a modest-affinity 5-HT1A agonist; THC inactive at the same micromolar range. By contrast CBG is a 5-HT1A antagonist (opposite direction at the same receptor).",
      "supportsClaims": [],
      "contradictsClaims": [],
      "canonicalCitation": "Russo et al. (2005). Agonistic properties of cannabidiol at 5-HT1a receptors. Neurochemical Research. doi:10.1007/s11064-005-6978-1",
      "provenanceHash": "b907709fbac0787933971812bffff19cf44433d31d4b9170ba854bd9585dbd0b"
    },
    {
      "id": "sirikantaramas-2004",
      "firstAuthor": "Sirikantaramas",
      "year": 2004,
      "journal": "Journal of Biological Chemistry",
      "doi": "10.1074/jbc.m403693200",
      "doiUrl": "https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m403693200",
      "pubmedUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15190053/",
      "title": "The gene controlling marijuana psychoactivity: molecular cloning and heterologous expression of Delta1-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid synthase from Cannabis sativa L.",
      "studyType": "enzyme cloning / characterization (THCA synthase; FAD oxidase)",
      "species": "biochemistry",
      "evidenceTier": "Biochemistry",
      "tierRank": 2,
      "topics": [
        "biosynthesis",
        "THCA-synthase",
        "enzyme"
      ],
      "keyFinding": "THCA synthase catalyzes the FAD-dependent oxidative cyclization of CBGA into THCA.",
      "supportsClaims": [],
      "contradictsClaims": [],
      "canonicalCitation": "Sirikantaramas et al. (2004). The gene controlling marijuana psychoactivity: molecular cloning and heterologous expression of Delta1-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid synthase from Cannabis sativa L.. Journal of Biological Chemistry. doi:10.1074/jbc.m403693200",
      "provenanceHash": "f88adc90fd874e0a6e0afdc6c1f7c7a85bc36b1aff5a4d5c5cd13ebdb90b2022"
    },
    {
      "id": "taura-1996",
      "firstAuthor": "Taura",
      "year": 1996,
      "journal": "Journal of Biological Chemistry",
      "doi": "10.1074/jbc.271.29.17411",
      "doiUrl": "https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.271.29.17411",
      "pubmedUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8663284/",
      "title": "Purification and characterization of cannabidiolic-acid synthase from Cannabis sativa L.",
      "studyType": "enzyme purification / characterization (CBDA synthase)",
      "species": "biochemistry",
      "evidenceTier": "Biochemistry",
      "tierRank": 2,
      "topics": [
        "biosynthesis",
        "CBDA-synthase",
        "enzyme"
      ],
      "keyFinding": "CBDA synthase catalyzes the oxidocyclization of CBGA into CBDA.",
      "supportsClaims": [],
      "contradictsClaims": [],
      "canonicalCitation": "Taura et al. (1996). Purification and characterization of cannabidiolic-acid synthase from Cannabis sativa L.. Journal of Biological Chemistry. doi:10.1074/jbc.271.29.17411",
      "provenanceHash": "f3be09417f225fa6bcda36f5cae277fe2b7381d7b9259a7ab2af542d556f2197"
    }
  ]
}